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Black Members of the United States Congress - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Black Members of the United States Congress - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Thirty-nine black members serve in the 107th Congress, all in the House of Representatives. In 210 years of congressional history, there have been 107 black members of Congress: 103 elected to the House and four to the Senate. The first black member of Congress was Hiram Rhodes Revels (R-MS) who first served in the Senate in the 41st Congress (1870). The first black member of the House was Joseph H. Rainey (R-SC), also serving in the 41st Congress. Shirley Chisholm (D-NY), elected to the 91st through 97th Congresses (1969-1983), was the first black woman in Congress. Since that time, 20 other black women have been elected, including Senator Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL, 1993-1999), who was the first black woman, as well as first black Democrat, elected to the Senate. The majority of the black members have been Democrats (80), while there have been 27 black Republicans. The black members of Congress have served on all major committees. Sixteen have served as committee chairmen, 15 in the House and one in the Senate. This book enumerates and gathers information about all black members in congressional history.

DKK 722.00
1

Libya - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Libya - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

The United Nations Security Council passed three resolutions that placed sanctions on Libya until Libya surrendered for trial two men suspected of bombing Pan Am flight 103 in 1988 and French flight UTA 772 in 1989. Libya surrendered the two men on April 5, 1999, and the UN suspended the sanctions the same day. US sanctions against Libya remain in place. Libyan-US relations have been plagued by a series of incidents between US and Libyan armed forces, Libyan policies of supporting terrorism, Libya''s search for chemical and nuclear weapons, and Libyan meddling in other nations'' internal affairs. Al-Quadhafi has proposed bilateral and multilateral unions with his neighbours and several other countries, and envisions himself as carrying on for Egypt''s Nasir in unifying the Arab, Islamic and African worlds. Libyan leader Muammar al-Quadhafi implemented a form of participatory democracy in Libya, where villages elect Peoples'' Congresses, which in turn elect Peoples'' Congresses for geographic regions and the central government. In addition, there are Peoples'' Congresses representing industries or institutions, such as education, medicine or broadcasting. Despite the presence and apparent activity of the Peoples'' Congresses, it is clear that members of the Revolutionary Command Council, created after the 1969 coup, and their cohorts continue to exercise great influence, perhaps dictatorial authority over Libya. Libya enjoys a favourable balance of trade and payments and runs a small budget deficit. Al-Quadhafi has used his military in a 1977 border dispute with Egypt; in 1972 and 1978 he attempts to buttress Idi Amin in Uganda, in several attempts to influence events in Chad, and aid in a token deployment in Lebanon.

DKK 601.00
1

Statutory Individual Income Tax Rates - Maxim Shvedov - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Statutory Individual Income Tax Rates - Maxim Shvedov - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Statutory individual income tax rates, also referred to as "statutory marginal tax rates," are the rates of tax applicable to the last (marginal) increment of taxable income. Statutory rates play an important role in determining the real marginal tax rates, which affect taxpayers'' economic behavior. Developments since enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA86; P.L. 99-514) are the most relevant to the current state of affairs. Since then, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA90; P.L. 101-508), the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 (OBRA93; P.L. 103-66), and the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA; P.L. 107-16) and its extensions all changed the marginal income tax rate structure. Under current law, upon expiration of tax cuts enacted in 2001-2007, the rate structure will revert in 2011 to the one set by OBRA93.The six marginal income tax rates for 2008 are 10%, 15%, 25%, 28%, 33%, and 35%. Specific types of income, such as capital gains, may be subject to different sets of marginal tax rates. Alternative minimum tax system (AMT), a parallel tax system which has recently garnered considerable attention, also has a different set of parameters. Since 1981, Congress established and expanded, with slight modifications, the policy of tax indexation. Tax indexation helps prevent automatic tax increases and unintended changes in the distribution of the tax burden due to inflation. Under current law, many key components of the tax structure are indexed for inflation. Such components include the tax rate brackets, the personal exemptions and their phase-out thresholds, standard deductions, the itemised deduction limitation threshold, and others. Not all elements of the tax system, however, are currently adjusted for inflation. One of the examples is the AMT. This book summarises information about the tax brackets and other key elements of the tax system that determine taxpayer''s statutory marginal tax rate. Such elements include tax brackets, exemptions, standard deductions, etc.

DKK 514.00
1

Neuroendoscopic Procedures and Challenges - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

Neuroendoscopic Procedures and Challenges - - Bog - Nova Science Publishers Inc - Plusbog.dk

In 1910, L'Espinasse performed the first neurosurgical endoscopic procedure for choroid plexus electrocoagulation in an infant with hydrocephalus, by use of a cystoscope. One infant was successfully treated. Walter Dandy used an endoscope to perform an unsuccessful choroid plexectomy in 1922. The next year, Mixter, using a urethroscope, performed the first successful endoscopic third ventriculostomy in a 9-month-old girl with obstructive hydrocephalus. In 1935, Scarff reported his initial results about endoscopic third ventriculostomy using a novel endoscope. His ventriculoscope had an irrigation system to prevent intraventricular collapse and was equipped with a flexible unipolar probe. In 1952, Nulsen and Spitz began the era of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting, marking the end of the initial era of neuroendoscopy. This dark period for neuroendoscopy continued until 1970s. However, in this period image capabilities of endoscopes improved with technological developments. In 1978, Vries demonstrated that ETVs were technically feasible using a fiberoptic endoscope to treat patients with hydrocephalus. In 1990, Jones and colleagues described a 50% shunt-free success rate for ETV in 24 patients with various forms of hydrocephalus. Four years later, the same group reported an improved success rate of 61% in a series of 103 patients. Currently, ETV is primarily used to treat obstructive hydrocephalus due to benign aqueductal stenosis or compressive periaqueductal mass lesions. Modern shunt-free success rates range from 80 to 95%. The field of neuroendoscopy has extended beyond ventricular procedures. The endoscope is currently used for all types of neurosurgically treatable diseases such as obstructive hydrocephalus, various intraventricular lesions, hypothalamic hamartomas, craniosynostosis, skull base tumors, and spinal lesions and rare subtypes of hydrocephalus. With the evolution of surgical techniques, endoscopy has emerged as a suitable alternative to many instances of more invasive methods. Surgeons using a neuroendoscope can perform many complex operations through very small incisions. Nowadays, neurosurgeons prefer neuroendoscopic surgery for many different lesions because of less damage to healthy tissue, low complication rate and excellent results. Neuroendoscopic surgery is a specialty within neurosurgery and requires a neurosurgeon to undergo specialized training. In this book, we focused on neuroendoscopic procedures and challenges. We have created this book with the hope that it can be a guide for neurosurgeons who are interested in neuroendoscopic interventions.

DKK 718.00
1